韓資植誌 Korean J.Plant.Res. 12(2) 145～151(1999)

이앙시기에 따른 유색미 품종의 수량 및 성분 변화

이순계, 김현호, 이재철, 신철우, 김창영¹⁾, 변종영²⁾, 이종철³⁾

충남농업기술원, ¹⁾농촌진흥청, ²⁾충남대학교 농과대학, ³⁾한국인삼연초연구원 

Yield and Chemical Component of Grain as Affected by 

Transplanting Dates in the Colored Rice Variety 

Sun Gye Lee, Hyun Ho Kim, Jae Choul Lee, Choul woo Shin, Chang Yung Kim¹⁾, 

Jong Yeong Pyon²⁾ andJong Chul Lee³⁾ 

Chungnam Agricultural Research and Extension services, Taejon, 305- 313, Korea

1)^{Office of Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441- 707, Korea,}

2)^{College of Agriculture, Choongnam Nat'l University, Taejon, 305- 764, Korea}

3)^{Korea Ginseng and Tobacco Research Institute, Taejon, 305- 345, Korea,}

별  쇄  인  쇄

韓國資源物學會誌 第 12 卷 第2 號 (1999. 6)

이앙시기에 따른 유색미 품종의 수량 및 성분 변화

이순계, 김현호, 이재철, 신철우, 김창영¹⁾, 변종영²⁾, 이종철³⁾

충남농업기술원, ¹⁾농촌진흥청, ²⁾충남대학교 농과대학, ³⁾한국인삼연초연구원 

Yield and Chemical Component of Grain as Affected by 

Transplanting Dates in the Colored Rice Variety 

Sun Gye Lee, Hyun Ho Kim, Jae Choul Lee, Choul woo Shin, Chang Yung Kim¹⁾, 

Jong Yeong Pyon²⁾ andJong Chul Lee³⁾ 

Chungnam Agricultural Research and Extension services, Taejon, 305- 313, Korea

1)^{Office of Rural Development Administration, Suwon, 441- 707, Korea,}

2)^{College of Agriculture, Choongnam Nat'l University, Taejon, 305- 764, Korea}

3)^{Korea Ginseng and Tobacco Research Institute, Taejon, 305- 345, Korea,}

Abstract

This study was conducted to know the influence of transplanting dates on yield and chemical component of colored rice varieties at Taejon area in middle part in Korea. The late transplanting led to late heading in which the latest transplanting on June 18 headed on August 9 in Heugjinjubyeo and on August 24 in Heugnambyeo, respectively, which in the safe latest heading date at Taejon area. The highest yield was attained by middle of June transplanting in Heugjinjubyeo, while that for the Heugnambyeo was transplanting from end of May to beginning of June. The relative optical density(ROD) of the pigment measured at 530 nm was higher in Heugjinjubyeo than that of Heugnambyeo. The late transplanting increased the ROD in Heugnambyeo, while later than May 28 decreased the ROD in Heugjinjubyeo. There was a varietal difference in cation contents such as K, Ca, Mg and Fe. The Contents of the former three was not influenced by different transplanting dates, while the Fe content was increased by early transplanting. 

Key words : cation, colored rice, pigment

서  언

우리 나라에서 그 동안 쌀은 주로 밥쌀용으로 이용되어 왔기 때문에 수량 및 품질 향상을 위한 품종육성, 생산기술 개발, 수확후 관리 등에 대한 연구에 주력하여 왔다. 근래에 들어서 쌀의 소비성향이 품질의 고급화와 다양화를 추구함에 따라 밥쌀용만이 아닌 특수가공용 쌀의 품종으로 유색미, 향미, 중간찹쌀 등의 육성연구 및 재배기술 개발에도 점차 힘을 기울이고 있다. 

유색미는 그 색갈 때문에 품질의 다양화와 가공을 위한 재료가 되는데 색깔 이외에도 단백질, 비타민, 미네랄 등에서 영양적 가치가 일반미에 비해 월등히 높은 것으로 알려지고 있다(Gu와 Meiyu, 1992). 유색미의 색소는 안토시아닌계 색소와 탄닌계 색소로 구성되어 있는데 탄닌계 색소는 整腸효과와 관련된 기본적인 작용을 하며, 금속이온 및 염기성화합물 등과의 결합에 의하여 유해성 중금속의 제거 및 변이원 물질을 억제시키는 등의 효과가 있는 중요한 천연물로 알려지고 있으며(Strack와 Wary, 1989; 우, 1989). 또한 안토시안계 색소는 떡, 식혜, 죽 등 식품첨가용 염색제 원료로 매우 유익하게 이용가능한 색소이며, 안토시안닌에 있는 시안닌을 膽癌 rat의 腹腔內에 투여한 결과 복수암과 固形癌의 발육을 저지하였다는 보문도 있다(Kabier, 1970).  따라서 유색미는 특수 가공식품 뿐아니라 건겅보조용 기능성식품 원료로 이용될 가치가 있고, 유색미를 소량 첨가하여 지은밥은 소비자들의 기호가 높아 앞으로 점차 소비가 증가될 전망이다. 그러나 우리나라에서는 유색미 품종의 육성이 최근에 와서야 이루어지고 있으며, 또한 유색미 품종의 생리생태적 특성에 알맞는 재배법 확립이 미흡하여 기존의 일반벼 품종들의 재배법으로 재배관리를 함으로써 때로는 각각의 품종들이 지니고 있는 특성이 제대로 발휘되지 못해 품질이 떨어지고 수량성도 낮아질수도 있어 이에 대한 대책수립이 요구되고 있다. 

본 연구는 국내 유색미 육성품종인 흑진주벼와 흑남벼를 공시하여 재배시기 이동이 이들 품종의 수량 및 유효성분의 함량에 미치는 영향을 구명코자 실시하였다.

재료 및 방법

본 시험은 1998년 충청남도 농업기술원 벼 재배포장에서 흑진주벼와 흑남벼를 공시하여 실시하였다. 이앙시기는 5월 18일, 5월 28일, 6월 8일, 6월 18일이었다. 각 이앙시기마다 육묘일수가 30일되는 중묘를 30 x 14cm 거리로 각각 기계 이앙하였다. 시험구 배치는 품종별 난괴법 3반복으로 실시하였다. 본답 시비량은 10a당 질소, 인산, 칼리를 각각 11, 7, 8kg로 하여, 질소는 기비, 분얼비, 수비를 40, 30, 30%씩 3회 분시하였고, 인산

은 전량 기비로 시용하였으며 칼리는 기비와 수비로 70, 30%씩 2회 분시하였다. 그 외의

관리는 벼농사 표준재배법에 준하였으며 기상자료는 대전관측소에서 조사한 기후값을 이용하였다. 생육과 수량구성요소 조사는 농촌진흥청 조사기준에 준하였다. 색소분석은 현미 분말시료 20g을 1% Hcl- methanol 100ml에 넣어 상온에서 2시간 동안 초음파처리하여 추출한 후 여과지(Whatman No. 6)를 통과시켜 얻은 색소액을 4℃ 냉장고에 1일밤 방치한 후 상등액을 분석시료로 사용하였다. 흡광도(anthocyanin량) 측정은 분광분석기(Varian 300)로 anthocyanin의 흡수파장인 530nm의 파장에서 측정하여 상대흡광도(relative optical density:ROD)를 흡광도 X 희석배수로 하여 산출하였다. 현미의 색도는 색도계 Minolta Chroma Meter(CR- 200)로 3회 반복측정하였다. 그리고 양이온 함량 조사는 분말시료 0.5g씩 3반복으로 채취하여 H₂SO₄- H₂O₂ 습식 분해한 후 Atomic absorption spectrophotometer(Perkin Elmer 3300)로 측정하였고, 시료 100g당 함량으로 환산하였다.

결과 및 고찰

이앙시기에 따른 이앙후 20일의 초장은 흑진주벼와 흑남벼 모두 5월 18일 이앙이  25 ～26cm로 가장 짧았고, 이앙시기가 늦어질수록 길어졌다. 경수는 두 품종 다같이 6월 8일

까지 이앙시기가 늦어질수록 증가되었다. 그 이후에는 감소되었다. 경수의 이앙시기별 두 품종간 차이는 5월 28일 이전의 이앙에서는 흑진주벼가 흑남벼에 비해 약간 많았으나 6월 8일 이앙에서는 오히려 흑남벼에서 많았다(표 1).

Table 1. Plant height and number of tillers at 20 day after transplanting at 

various transplanting dates in rice plant

* DAT : Days after transplanting.

** g/100 seedlings

이상의 결과에서 이앙후 20일의 초장이 두 품종 다같이 이앙시기가 늦어질수록 길었던 것은 이앙당시의 묘소질이 만기이앙 일수록 좋았을 뿐아니라 이앙후 고온조건으로 경과되었던데 기인된 것으로 볼 수 있다. 또한 경수가  5월 28일 이전은 흑남벼보다 흑진주벼에서 많았던 것은 흑진주벼는 극조생종으로 중만생종인 흑남벼보다 저온에 의한 분얼억제를 덜 받았던 것으로 볼 수 있다. 이앙시기에 따른 출수기는(표 2) 극만생종인 흑진주벼는 5월 18일 이앙시에는 7월 21일에, 6월 18일 만기 이앙시에는 8월 9일에 각각 출수되었다. 

Table 2, Heading date and days from transplanting to heading of colored 

rice varieties at various transplanting dates.

출수일수간에는 두 품종 모두 고도의 부(- )의 상관을 보였다. 이앙시기에 따른 수량 및 수량 구성요소의 차이는 (표 3)에서와 같다.  m²⁾당 수수는 흑진주벼의 경우 이앙시기간에 일정한 경향이 없었으나 흑남벼에서는 이앙시기가 늦어질수록 증가되는 경향을 보였다. 등숙비율은 이앙시기간에는 흑진주벼의 경우 5월 18일과 6월 8일 이앙에서는 61 -  71%이었으나 6월 18일 이앙에서는 81%이었고, 흑남벼에서는 83 -  89%로 이앙시기간에 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 현미 1000립중은 두 품종 모두 이앙시기간에는 차이가 인정되지 않았으나, 품종별로는 흑진주벼의 경우는 17.9 -  18.4g, 흑남벼의 22.7 -  23.3g에 비해 4.8 -  4.9g이 가벼워 품종간 차이가 뚜렷하였다. ha당 현미수량은 흑진주벼의 경우 이앙시기가 늦어질수록 수량이 증가되어 6월 18일 이앙에서 4.8t이 수확되었다. 흑남벼에서는 6월 8인 이앙시 5.67t으로 가장 많았고 다음은 5월 28일, 6월 18일, 5월 18일 이앙에서 각각 5.60t, 5.45t, 5.42t이었다.  이러한 경향은 흑진주벼는 만식적응력이 크나 흑남벼는 만식적응력이 적어 만기이앙은 불리함을 나타낸 것으로 볼 수 있다. 이앙시기에 따른 수량과의 관계를 2차 회귀식으로 나타낸 결과 흑진주벼에서는 y=- 0.047x²+6.37x+281.0이었고 이 회귀식에 의해 산출한 최대수량을 얻을 수 있는 이앙적기는 6월 18일 이후이였다.

Table 3. Yield and yield components of colored rice varieties under various

transplanting dates.

Means within different letters in column for a given variety are significantly different at 

the 5% level by Duncan's Multiple Range Test.

흑남벼에서는 y=- 0.096x²+6.61x+452.8이었으며 회귀식에 의해 산출한 최대수량을 얻을 수 있는 이앙적기는 6월 3일 이었다.

이앙시기 이동에 따른 흑남벼와 흑진주벼의 색도 및 상대흡광도의 차이는 표 4에서와 같았다. 

Table 4. Color values and relative optical density(ROD) of pigment extracted 

from colored brown rice grown under different transplanting date. 

ꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧꠧ

Variety        Transplanting          Color values^a)           ROD^b) 

date            L        a        b 

ꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏ

Heuknambyeo       May 18         28.20     3.22     1.35      31.6

May 28         28.83     3.48     1.42      44.1

Jun. 8         26.71     3.60     0.77      47.1

Jun.18         25.11     2.14     0.54      67.1

Heukjinjubyeo     May 18         26.20     2.22     0.35     134.3

May 28         24.64     1.72     0.02     138.0

Jun. 8         25.06     2.39    - 0.08     126.5

Jun.18         25.78     1.63    - 0.04     112.4

ꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏ

a) Measured by Minolta Chroma Meter(CR- 200), and the L scale(0 -  100) mean 

lightness, that is, blackness when 0 and whiteness when 100, the a scale 

(- 80 -  100) redness when positive and greenness when negative, and the b 

scale (±70) yellowness when positive and blueness when negative

b) Measured at 530nm

현미의 明度(L)는 흑남벼에서는 5월 18일 이앙과 5월 28일 이앙시기간에는 차이가 없었으나 6월 8일이후 이앙에서는 이앙시기가 늦어질수록 감소되었다. 흑진주벼에서는 5월 28일 이앙에서 가장 낮은 값을 보였고, 이보다 이앙시기가 이르거나 늦을수록 증가되어 생육 또는 등숙기간의 환경에 의해 현미의 색도가 영향을 받는다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 유색미의 색도에 대하여 고 등(1996)은 동진벼 등 20품종을 대상으로 색도계를 이용하여 조사한 색상과 외관색도가 비교적 일치하였다는 결과를 보고한 바 있다. 파장 530nm에서 측정한 흡광도는 이앙시기에 관계없이 흑남벼에 비해 흑진주벼에서 2배이상 많았다. 이앙시기별로는 흑남벼의 경우 이앙시기가 늦어질수록 증가되었고, 흑진주벼에서는 5월 18일과 5월 28일 이앙시기간에는 차이가 없었으나 그 이후 이앙에서는 이앙시기가 늦어질수록 감소되는 경향을 보여 두 품종간 이앙시기에 따른 현미내 색소함량의 차이가 다른 경향을 보였다. 본 실험에서 측정한 흡광도는 anthocyanin계 색소의 최대흡광 파장인 530 nm에서 측정한 값이기 때문에 처리간 흡광도의 차이를 anthocyanin계 색소의 차이로 볼 수 있는데 anthocyanin계 색소에 대하여 Suzushiro 등(1957)과 Nagai 등(1960)은 벼의 anthocyanin색소는 cyanidin- 3- glucoside, cyanidin- 3- rhamnoside, cyanidin- 3,5-

diglucoside와  malvidine- 3- galactoside가 대표적이며, 특히  cyanidin- 3- glucoside와 malvidine- 3- galactoside가 쌀의 주요 색소라 하였고, Lee 등(1998)은 유색미의 anthocyanin에 malvidine  aglycone이 없는 품종도 있다고 하여 anthocyanin의 색소를 구성하고 있는 성분이 품종에 따라 상이함을 시사하였다. 본실험에서 흑진주벼가 흑남벼에 비해 ant-

hocyanin이 많은 것은 품종간차이로 보이며, anthocyanin 색소함량이 재배시기에 따라 차이가 있었던 것은 anthocyain계 색소의 합성은 광 및 온도(林孝, 1988)의 영향을 받는다는 보고와 연결지어 볼 때 착색시기의 온도와 일사량의 차이에서 기인된 것으로 생각된다. 그리고 이앙시기에 따른 색소함량의 변화가 흑남벼와 흑진주벼간에 차이를 보인 것은 흑남벼는 중만생종, 흑진주벼는 극조생종으로 생태적 차이 또는 anthocyanin색소의 구성물질의 차이에 기인된 것으로 생각할 수 있는데 이에 대하여는 별도의 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으로 생각된다. 

흑남벼와 흑진주벼에 대하여 이앙시기별 현미중 양이온의 함량을 분석한 결과는 (표 5)와 같았다.  유색미의 양이온 함량을 일반미와 비교하기 위하여 본 실험의 공시시료를 얻기 위하여 재배한 동일한 조건에서 5월 28일에 이앙하여 재배, 수확한 동진벼를 동시에 분석하여  비교한 양이온의 품종간 차이 즉, 5월 28일에 이앙한 동진벼와 흑진주벼 및 흑남벼의 차이를 보면  K의 함량은 동진벼에서는 32.7mg/100g이었고 흑진주벼와 흑남벼에서는 각각 32.8mg/100g로 이 품종간에 차이가 없었다. Ca 함량은 동진벼 31mg, 흑남벼 28mg, 흑진주벼 39mg으로 동진벼에 비해 흑진주벼에서 월등히 많았다. 

Table 5. Cation content of colored and brown rice grown at

different transplanting date. 

ꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏ

Variety       Transplanting 

date            K         Ca          Mg        Fe 

ꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏ ꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏ  mg/100g ꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏ

Dongjinbyeo      May 28         32.7       31.1        78.3       5.8

Heugnambyeo      May 18         32.7       28.4        93.0       9.4 

May 28         32.8       28.0        93.1       7.3 

Jun. 8         31.6       30.6        88.6       9.0 

Jun.18         31.0       35.1        87.3       5.7 

Heugjinjubyeo    May 18         36.3       38.5        85.4       9.5 

May 28         35.3       39.1        82.2       6.1 

Jun. 8         34.2       41.4        81.2       8.9 

Jun.18         36.3       35.1        96.1       6.0 

ꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏꠏ

Mg의 함량은 동진벼 78.3mg에 비해 흑남벼 93.1mg, 흑진주벼 82.2mg으로 동진벼에 비해 흑남벼 및 흑진주벼에서 월등히 많았으며, Fe의 함량은 흑남벼 및 흑진주벼에서 각각 7.3mg, 6.1mg이었고 동진벼는 5.8mg으로 품종간에 미미한 차이를 보였다. 유색미인 흑남벼와 흑진주벼에서 일반미인 동진벼에 비해 K함량을 제외하고는 Ca, Mg 및 Fe함량이 많았던 것은 노와 염의 보고(1975)에서 Ca 및 Fe함량이 품종간에 약간의 차이가 있다는 보고와, 현미중 양이온(K, Mg, Ca, Fe)의 함량은 일반미에서는 품종간 차이가 없으나 유색미에서는 품종간 차이가 크다고 한 고 등(1996)의 보고와 유사하였다. K, Ca, Mg의 함량은 이앙시기별로  두 품종 모두 일정한 경향이 없었으나 Fe함량은 3품종 모두 5월 18일 이앙구에서 제일 많았고, 6월 18일 이앙구에서 제일 적었다. 이상의 결과에서 K, Ca, Mg의 함량이 이앙시기간에 일정한 경향이 없었다는 것은 노와 심(1972)의 보고와 일치하였다.

적     요

이앙시기 이동이 유색미인 흑진주벼와 흑남벼의 수량 및 주요성분 함량에 미치는 영향을 구명코자 중부지역인 대전에서 5월 18일 부터 10일 간격으로 4회에 걸쳐 이앙 재배하여 얻은 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.

1. 중부지역에서 출수기는 이앙시기가 늦어짐에 따라 지연되었으나 만식인 6월 18일 이

앙에서도 출수기는 흑진주벼에서는 8월 9일, 흑남벼는 8월 24일로 안전출수한계기 이전에 출수되었다. 

2. 이앙시기별 m² 당 수수는 흑진주벼의 경우는 이앙기간에 일정한 경향이 없었으나 흑남벼에서는 이앙시기가 늦을수록 증가되는 경향이었다. m² 당 영화수는 흑진주벼에서는 이앙시기가 늦을수록 증가되었으나 흑남벼는 6월 8일 이앙에서 제일 많았다 

3. 중부지역에서 수량성을 높일수 있는 이앙적기는 흑진주벼의 경우는 만식일수록 수량 이 많아 6월 중순이었고, 흑진주벼는 5월 하순에서 6월 상순 사이 이었다.

4. 530nm에서 측정한 상대흡광도값(흡광도x농도)은 품종별로 보면 흑남벼에 비해 흑진 

주벼에서 월등히 컷다. 이앙시기별로는 흑남벼에서는 이앙시기가 늦어질수록 증가되

었으나 흑남벼에서는 5월 28일 이앙에서 가장 많았고 그 이후에는 이앙시기가 늦어

질수록 감소되는 경향이었다.

5. 현미중에 함유된 양이온 즉 K, Ca, Mg 및 Fe 함량은 일반벼인 동진벼에 비해 향미 

인 흑진주벼와 흑남벼에서 많은 경향이었고, 이앙시기별로는 K, Ca, Mg의 함량은 이

앙시기간에 일정한 경향이 없었으나 Fe의 함량은 조식에서 많은 경향이었다. 

인 용 문 헌

Gu Defa and Meiyu Xu. 1992. A study on special nutrient of purple black 

glutinous rice. Scientia Agric. Sinica 25(2): 36- 41

Kabier O. K. 1970. Vopr. Onkol. 16: 60

金昌榮, 吳世鉉, 金七鉉, 金昭年, 李主烈. 1986. 忠南地域 水稻機械移秧 安全作期設 

定에 관한 硏究. 農試論文集(벼 機械移秧) 28(1): 303- 309

고희종, 원용재, 차건완, 허문희. 1996. 有色米 色度 및 營養特性의 品種間 差異. 

한국작물학회지. 41(5): 600- 607(Ko H) 

林孝三. 1988. 植物色素. pp. 511. 養賢堂, 東京(Hayasi)

Lee Hun- Joong, Se- Kwan Oh, Hae- Chune Choi and Soo- Un Kim. 1998. 

Identification of anthocyanins from pigmented rice seeds. Agric. Chem.

Biotechnol. 41(4): 257- 260

Nagai I., G. Suzushino and Y. Suzuki. 1960. Anthoxanthins and  anthocyanins in Oryzaceae, Japan J. Breed 10: 247- 252 

노방희, 염강해, 1975. 일반싹, 통일쌀 성분대비 분석, 농산물검사소시험사업보고서: 145

노화방, 심은섭. 1972. 조기재배미 품위실태에 관한 연구, 농산물검사소시험사업보고서: 69

Strack D. and Wary. V. 1989. Method in plant biochemistry. Academic Press Ltd. 

1: 325- 356.

Suzushino G., A., Hatanake Y. Suzuki and  Nagai. I. 1957. Anthocyanins in rice. 

Nibon Daigaku Nojuigakubu Gokujutsu Hokoku 8: 65(CA 55, 702c) 

우원식. 1989. 천연물화학연구법. 민음사